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There is no "best" derailleur for any particular situation. Get one rated to handle the range, at a price you can afford, and that has good reviews. Performance is more affected by how well you set up derailleur and cables, as well as chain and condition of cassette, than by individual model differences.
If you have friction shifting you can replace with any derailleur that will handle the freewheel/cassette range. If you have indexed shifting it depends on what is on the rear now.
Cassettes fit on a spline with a lock nut to keep them there, the spline is also the ratchet. Older bikes had a ratchet/sprocket assembly which screwed onto a threaded hub
If you are running a SRAM or Shimano Cassette, then the spacing will be ever so slightly off. If you want to have precise clean shifting then you need to either replace the cassette body with a Campy one and replace the cassette with campy or get a 10-speed conversion cassette such as those from American Classic. Campy spacing on a shimano/ Sram spline.
The wheels in and of themselves should not make any difference.
Another trick for perfect shifting, make sure that your rear derailleur and shifter match - Campy to campy, Sram to Sram as examples.
If you are going to use the front triple crankset, then you need to use the 6603 components. These are for Triple set-ups.
If you intend to keep your bike a triple, then everything in the drivetrain must be the triple designation, hence the XX03.
If you want to change the crankset to a compact, then you can use the 6600 (double) equipment, but you will need to change the left (front shifter) to a double as well. The compact crankset, will give you virtually the same range as the triple and be much lighter and shift better.
The cassette: You can use any 10 spd cassette from Shimano or SRAM as long as the rear cog is no larger than 27. if you want to use a larger cog like a 28, then you will have to use the 6700 group, assuming yoiu want to stay with shimano ultegra.
Final Note: Since you are chainging everything, you may want to consider the SRAM Apex group, this gives you more gear ratio than the Ultegra, is slightly less expensive and around the same weight. Great alternative to Triple bikes.
Parts you will need to convert:
Rear Derailleur
Front Derailleur (if changing to compact double or Apex)
Chain
Shifter set (if Apex)
Crankset (if Apex or compact shimano)
Bottom Bracket (if Apex)
The biggest thing is that Shifters and rear derailleur must be from the same company (shimano, SRAM, etc.) after that just make sure that yoiu use 10spd with 10spd, 9 with 9, and so on. Everything else can mix and match.
The 5703 shifters will work both derailleurs and match the 6603 group as they are both 10spd.
The Tiagra will not work because it is 9spd, it will functionally shift the derailluer but you will not be able to line up the gearing.
The rear shifter needs to match the number of gears on the back (cassette) in the case of the 6603 group that is 10spd, so you can use any 10spd rear shifter from shimano. The Tiagra is either an 8spd or 9spd depending on the model and will not work with the cassette. You can use a 6603 rear derailleur with a Tiagra group, as long as the shifter and cassette are both the same.
Clicking noises are commonly bearing problems but may occasionally be loose pedal cranks. If rear cassette isn't free wheeling properly sounds like a free wheel bearing is defective. I don't know your Campy - mine are all Shimano - but you should be able to replace the free wheel assembly OK as a separate service item. Mind you if it's of an age to demolish a bearing you should also be checking the gear teeth and chain for wear.
HERE is Shimano's exploded-view diagram of the shifters, but it really only gives you a ballpark idea of the assembly. You will have to piece the rest together from memory, i suppose. Sorry, i could not find more information for you.
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