Yep, it is possible to get turbo off without pulling engine. I had a TB break at 85000 miles and did the repair at home (2 bent exhaust valves, 1 intake valve). Getting the turbo disconnected from the exhaust manifold was the single toughest part of this repair. It is attached with 3 reduced head socket bolts (appear to made from stainless steel). Eventually had to drive out one of the bolts...
There won't be - the secondary air injection system is strictly for cold-start emissions. You won't see any effects in driving, but if you have any sort of emissions check in your state's inspection, you will fail.
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