User manual Where can I get a user manual for the HHB 830 CD Burner?

This sound like a sled positioning problem. The TOC is written in the center of the disc. In order for that to happen the sled needs to be able to get to the most inner section of the disc. This can not happen if fuzz or other contaminants are on the sled worm gear or if the end position switch is dirty or defective. This needs to be seen by a technician that works on these units.
Seek out a well known service shop that has good reviews to work on this. There are shops in Chicago that take your money but do not fix the product- many of my customers tell me about them as I have to fix their equipment. That is all I can say without seeing the unit.

If it's always around the same physical location on a given CD it would have to be a physical problem with the transport, not the lens.

Esoteric but comprehensive advice....

http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/cdfaq.htm

Absolutely. You are going to have to isolate the drummer from the writer somehow.
We used to put the drummer in an isolation booth.
You can also try building a "foamy box" for the CD writer. The kind of foam you want looks flat on one side, and sine wave like on the other. Put the flat sides out.
Build it with just the front open, and run the cables under the recorder and out the front if length allows.
CAUTION: I recommend using this enclosure ONLY when there is a live drum being recorded live.
This is because prolonged enclosure like this may cause heat issues.

TIP: which ever side faces the drummer, the writer should not be touching that foam wall.
IE - if the rear faces the drummer, the box should be big enough that the rear wall doesn't touch the writer.
Good luck, and let me know how that all works out for you!
(hey, it's easier than suspending the writer with elastic or bungee cords!)
[subnote - yes, that works too, but it's a pain in the **** building the metal frame!]

I can only assume that it's not changing the analogue signal into a format suitable for transferring to a CD. Check the recording settings. Make certain the signal is being converted to say a WAV format or MP3 etc.

The recorder is writing TOC data to the disc's PMA (Program Memory Area). Never turn off the power while this display is
showing.

http://www.retrevo.com/support/HHB-CDR830-CD-Players-manual/id/3875ci874/t/2/

This player has essentially the same guts as my Pioneer PDR-509, so this is what it means...

'Repair' means the player lost power in mid-recording without commiting the track memory to a table of contents. It would likely take up to 40 minutes for the player to reconstruct it from the disk.

There is NO reason the player need be turned off (if that's where it took you) for a track pause.

Just press Pause, flip the LP over and hit Play or Pause again when you wish to continue recording.

Perhaps you don't know how to Finalize the disc either. It's not that intuitive. Press Finalize, after a while it will display a time, like 4:07. That means how long it will take to do the operation. Now press Pause and it will count down to 0:00 and be done. Then you can play it on any other CD player.

they wear out have it serviced and cleaned

It's made for HHB by Pioneer, you could try one of their agents?. Opening up is fairly straightforward if you are methodical and take your time if you need to. There is a test mode sequence you can try - hold down the 'menu/delete' and 'auto/manual' keys together for 5 seconds until the display blinks all the lights then press the stop button. Now ONLY press the open / close button - pressing any other keys will change settings and without the service manual you won't know what you're changing. Press stop then power it off to exit.

I can email you the service manual if you need it. It sounds like a gear has come loose inside to me. I strip these machines for parts quite regularly so may be able to help you out if you're able to work out what if anything is broken but I'm in the UK. It may be as simple as a belt has come loose :-)

you should look on ebay they might have it there.

I did find out how to do the manual eject, for a stuck cd. Open up the machine, looking at the front/top, on the lower left side of the cd transport there is a white plastic gear that can be turned with your finger, ejecting the cd.