Here's a little history
http://compreviews.about.com/cs/pchardwarebasics/a/aaBIOS.htm
More advanced stuff
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Some systems have "bottlenecks," where small overclocking of a component can help realize the full potential of another component to a greater percentage than the limiting hardware is overclocked. For instance, many
motherboards with
AMD Athlon 64 processors limit the speed of four units of RAM to 333
MHz. However, the memory speed is computed by dividing the processor speed (which is a base number times a
CPU multiplier, for instance 1.8 GHz is most likely 9x200 MHz) by a fixed
integer such that, at stock speeds, the RAM would run at a clock rate near 333 MHz. Manipulating elements of how the processor speed is set (usually lowering the multiplier), one can often overclock the processor a small amount, around 100-200 MHz (less than 10%), and gain a RAM clock rate of 400 MHz (20% increase), releasing the full potential of the RAM.
AMD also produced x86 designs which competed with Intel on performance rather than price. In January 2002 the Pentium 4 gained a lead in sales and AMD marketing responded by giving their processors numeric suffixes approximating the clock rate that an AMD
Thunderbird (and by inference a Pentium processor) would need to give matching performance, openly undermining the "megahertz myth".
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