The driver's door lock on my 2004 Honda Odyssey does not respond to the key fob or door lock switch anymore. All other lock actuators and switches work properly. I thought it was the actuator in just that door, but a replacement didn't change anything. What else could it be? Is there a control module somewhere that could selectively go bad for just the one door?

Take a close look at the wiring and connections at the drivers door switch.

You probably have a broken door switch., so the system thinks a door is open. Fairly common failure, easy and inexpensive to fix.

check the wires in the rubber boot between the door pillar and the door for a break in the wire or loose plug socket ,check for a feed to the lock with a multimeter as well whilst operating the system as i think this is your problem here -no power

Sounds like body computer is malfunctioning or the module that controls the door locks lost it's program.Disconnect the battery for few minutes then reconnect and check.In some cases this resets the system computer and all starts working.But if that does not helps then problem has to be checked with the power door lock system.Either a power door lock actuator or the power door lock switch. Usually the most common problems with power door locks are the actuators. They are small electric motors used to lock and unlock the car doors when activated by a switch or remote. Like any electric motor sooner or later it will fail. Replacing an actuator involves removing the interior door panel for access. Some are part of the door latch and some are independent.
Either way, door lock actuators need to be replaced if they are buzzing, working only in one mode or are not working at all. if the problem is with the door lock actuator or just the switch. If a All the door locks, only work when locking and NONE of them work to unlock, then the switch is most likely the cause.

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Programming
When
Key added or replaced. System malfunction.
How
Obtain all keys. A maximum of 3 keys can be programmed. Close all doors and boot/tailgate. Switch ignition ON. Repeat procedure below 3 times: Within 4 seconds: Press key lock or unlock button. Within 4 seconds: Switch ignition OFF. Within 4 seconds: Switch ignition ON. Within 4 seconds: Press key lock or unlock button. System should now lock or unlock vehicle. Within 4 seconds: Press key lock or unlock button. Within 10 seconds: Press lock or unlock button of first key. System should now lock or unlock vehicle. Press lock or unlock button of second key. System should now lock or unlock vehicle. Press lock or unlock button of third key. System should now lock or unlock vehicle. Switch ignition OFF. Remove key. Check operation of all programmed keys.
NOTE: If less than 3 keys are to be programmed, remove ignition key after programming last key.

you may need to replace the door locking actuator, they do tend to go bad over times. does the driver side door lock automatic when using the lock button on the driver side. if you can lock and unlock the driver side door with a switch, my guess would not be the locking actuator, it might be in the remote locking module.

may be a relay switch, or a faulty wire on the right side behind the glove box

This can be caused by the actuators in the lock mechanism failing usually causing the door to remain locked. The boor door can also fail this way, though sometimes the catch sticks (pry off the LR badge, squirt with WD40 and work it a few times to fix that). Replacement requires the whole lock unit to be replaced at a cost of roughly £60 a lock, and a hours work. Helps if you have small hands. It does require a complete strip down of the door, and will need the lock unit, trim panel clips, and a trim removal tool. Clips are a few quid, the tool's usually around a tenner.

Check the locking solenoid / actuator in the door behind the panel, could be burned out or loose wire. It should take about 20-30 minutes to open, fix it and close the door panel if there's no major problem. Autozone might be able to help out with a solenoid.

The driver's side door lock button is designed not to lock from the inside unless the handle is pulled, or the power switch is used. This serves as a reminder to not lock your keys inside.

If you are inside, and push down on the button (not the switch) hard enough to lock it, you've probably damaged it.