Weird problem. CPU recognizes the sata, windows

It is possible that Bios/Cmos battery is not maintaining its charge. You might want to pull the cmos battery & check its voltage with a volt meter. It should retain 3volt DC. If it reads lower than 3v replace the battery. Once replaced you will need to reset all bios settings. If the battery checks out ok than continue.
The soulation to your problem lies within the Bios not your hard disk drive. Set the jumper you moved to slave back to master. Re-connect the SATA data & power connector to the motherboard. Boot up your PC & start pressing the Delete key on your keyboard every two seconds untill the Bios menu opends. (See page 2-14 section 2.3) in your manual.
You can not use your mouse while in the bios. Read page 2-12, section 2.2.1). This will explain how to move about while in the bios. Once the Bios opends you will be at the main menu. If your SATA drive is correctly connected you will see its model number listed there.
If you have two SATA drives connected you should see both. Take note of which is the master SATA1 drive. All SATA drives run as master drives. While in the Bios, SATA drives are shown from top to bottom. First /top drive will be the master drive. Next drive down is considered as slave.
Than open (OnChip SATA controller). Set this to [Native Mode] or to [SATA]. See page 2-16, section 2.3.5
Than open Boot. See page 2-30, section 2.6, Open Boot Device Priority section 2.6.1 Here is where you need to set the boot order.
(The boot order is not set correctly & this is why windows does not see your hard disk drive & showed the message "No hard drive listed").
If you have a floppy disk drive connected to the system set it as,
[1st Boot device]
Change 2nd Boot Device to [CD-ROM]
If you have two CD/DVD-ROM drives in your system make sure you set the Master CD/DVD-ROM here & not the slave CD/DVD-ROM drive.
3rd Boot Device should be the primary [SATA1 drive], connected to SATA1 port on the motherboard. See page 2-30 section 2.6.2
The drive with windows installed shoud be listed as 1st.
Save your changes & exit the bios. Your system will auto re-start.
If you had a working operating system on the drive it should load.

If you need the motherboard manual or drivers you can download them from Asus web site link below;
http://www.asus.com/Search.aspx?SearchKey=P5S800-VM

Cheers!
If you are still having troubles, post your question here.
Mike