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Its time for a rebuild...backfires are caused by a "lean" condition, which means not enough fuel. The oil burning is caused by excessive wear in the cylinder/rings. And the issue with the rod being melted to the crank, well that my friend is lack of lubrication.
It sounds like you made a bad valve adjustment and it has thrown a rod, and binding on one cylinder, hence partial turnover, cylinder on compression. Pull apart again and re-check.
my thinking is when the engine backfired maybe one of the valves got bent and is now hitting a piston and keeping the engine from turning over or a rod may of gotten bent/broken. you could try taking all the spark plugs out than try rotating the engine backwards if it moves backwards try moving it forwards and see if it stops in the same spot if it dose than it is likely either a valve or the rod if you have something to look inside the engine throw the spark plug hole try to see if a valve is bent and try to see if all the pistons are all moving up and down the same amount. you may be able to tell if the pistons are moving by putting a rod throw the spark plug hole against the piston and trying to rotate the engine in either direction and see if the rod moves the same for all the pistons.
The Honda GX160 is a single-cylinder multipurpose engine, so it doesn't have a timing belt, fuel filter, or any other wires other than the single spark plug wire and a ground. I'm having the same trouble with my Honda GX160. Spark is good, compression feels a bit lacking though, I haven't measured it. I've heard that the carburetor might be the cause, either needing to be cleaned or replaced as a whole. Dunking it in CLR works wonders, and if that doesn't work, you could probably find a new carburetor pretty cheaply.
There are 2 things that cause backfiring.
1. Dirty valve seats where the valves are bypassing compression
2. The engine flywheel key partially sheared or sheared and the engine is firing out of time.
Do a compression test. You should have 110 minimum PSIG indicated but 120 + is desired. I think you will find there is a compression problem.
If the compression is good use 2 new spark plugs and attempt another start. After the spark plucg change the wiring to the magneto and the magneto to be tested.
If you can not tdetermine the problem I need your exact engine model and type numbers (ALL of it) so that I can get you service manual data to assist in repairs.
Take off the valve covers and check the valve lash. @ tdc on compression stroke then same on exhaust stroke the clearance between the rocker and valve should only be .001 to.003 in.Carefully adjust to this tolerance,may cure your problem. seems this is a common problem.
Any time a small engine is hard to pull you need to check your valve clearances. If they check out look for a bent push rod. Also check your spark plug anytime it backfires. Even if it appears to be good I would replace it since they are cheap and can go bad and not show any signs of a problem.
Finding top dead center: Remove your spark, remove your valve cover, pull over your engine slowly, watch for the intake valve to open, once it starts closing put a long screwdriver down the hole on top of the piston. As you pull your recoil rope let the screwdiver follow the piston up until you hit the highest point. At TDC you will notice that it will not move for about a 1/4" pull of the recoil rope. It may take a few attempts. And alway reverify your valve setting after making adjustments by finding TDC again and checking the clearances.
Check the valve clearances they should be .005-.007on your intake and .007-.009 on your exhaust. The intake is always closes to the carb and exhaust to the muffler. The slightest bend in a push rod will do this and is hard to detect. The best way to check them is to remove both rods and on a smooth clean surface roll them together and watch the gap between them. If they are good the gap should remain constant. If other, replace both rods since they are cheap and with one bent it's hard to tell if the other is slightly bent.
Note: Before doing any of this; shut off your fuel, remove your spark plug and pull over the engine a few times. Any excess fuel in the head should come flying out. It's a good idea to spray a little carb cleaner in the cylinder via the spark plug hole to help dry up any oil if present when doing this.
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